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CONVENTIONAL NDT SERVICES

Radiographic Testing

In Radiography Testing the test-part is placed between the radiation source and film (or detector). The material density and thickness differences of the test-part will attenuate (i.e. reduce) the penetrating radiation through interaction processes involving scattering and/or absorption. The differences in absorption are then recorded on film. In industrial radiography there are several imaging methods available, techniques to display the final image.

There are two different radioactive sources available for industrial use; X-ray and Gamma-ray. These radiation sources use higher energy level, i.e. shorter wavelength, versions of the electromagnetic waves. Because of the radioactivity involved in radiography testing, it is of paramount importance to ensure that the Local Rules is strictly adhered during operation.

 

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Ultrasonic Testing

Ultrasonic testing (UT) is one of the more common non-destructive testing methods performed on materials. This testing utilises high frequency mechanical energy, i.e. high frequency sound waves, to conduct examinations and measurements on a test area.

The UT inspection system consists of a ultrasonic transducer, pulser/receiver, and display unit. A pulser/receiver is an electronic device that can produce high voltage electrical pulses to the transducer. When driven by the pulser, the transducer generates high frequency ultrasonic sound energy into the material in the form of sound waves. 

When there are discontinuities such as inclusions, porosity, cracks, etc. in the sound path, part of the mechanical energy will be reflected from the discontinuities’ (reflectors’) surface. The reflected sound waves signal received by the transducer is then transformed back into an electrical signal and its intensity is shown on the display unit. 

The sound waves travel time can be directly related to the distance that the signal has travelled. From the signal, information about reflector location, size, orientation and other features can be determined.

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Magnetic Particle Testing

Magnetic particle testing (MPT) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) process for detecting surface and shallow subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt, and some of their alloys. The process puts a magnetic field into the part. The piece can be magnetized by direct or indirect magnetization. Direct magnetization occurs when the electric current is passed through the test
object and a magnetic field is formed in the material. Indirect magnetization occurs when no electric current is passed through the test object, but a magnetic field is applied from an outside source. The magnetic lines of force are perpendicular to the direction of the electric current, which may be either alternating current (AC) or some form of direct current (DC) (rectified AC). 

The presence of a surface or subsurface discontinuity in the material allows the magnetic flux to leak, since air cannot support as much magnetic field per unit volume as metals. 

To identify a leak, ferrous particles, either dry or in a wet suspension, are applied to a part. These are attracted to an area of flux leakage and form what is known as an indication, which is evaluated to determine its nature, cause, and course of action, if any.

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Dye Penetrant Testing

Dye penetrant Testing (DPT) is a widely applied and used to check surface-breaking defects in all nonporous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic-particle inspection is often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. DPT is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-service components.

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Eddy Current Testing (Weld)

Eddy-current testing (ECT) is one of many electromagnetic testing methods used in non-destructive testing (NDT) making use of electromagnetic induction to detect and characterize surface and sub-surface flaws in conductive materials.

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Positive Material Identification (PMI-XRF)

Positive Material Identification (PMI) is a fast and non-destructive method for verifying the chemical composition of metals and alloys. These PMI XRF analyzers can analyze any shape parts within your system – plates, pipes, flanges, welds, valves and other components. PMI with a portable XRF-analyzer is for identification of medium and high alloyed metals, such as stainless steels, nickel alloys, and copper alloys.

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Positive Material Identification (PMI-OES)

Positive Material Identification is for mobile metal analysis with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The mobile PMI-MASTER is used for the precise analysis of key elements, rapid material verification, positive materials identification (PMI) and sorting of different metals. It is ideally suited for demanding industrial applications.

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Hardness Testing

A hardness test is typically performed by pressing a specifically dimensioned and loaded object (indenter) into the surface of the material you are testing. The hardness is determined by measuring the depth of indenter penetration or by measuring the size of the impression left by an indenter.

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Borescope (Visual Inspection)

A video borescope or “inspection camera” is similar to the flexible borescope but uses a miniature or huge video camera at the end of the flexible tube. The end of the insertion tube includes a light which makes it possible to capture video or still images deep within equipment, engines and other dark spaces. As a tool for remote visual inspection the ability to capture video or still images inspection. A display at the other end shows on the camera viewed.

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Ferrite Content Measurement (FCM)

Ferrite content measurement, also known as a ferritescope, is a non-destructive test and normally performed on site. The test uses a portable feritscope machine. This handy equipment provides rapid and accurate data by using highly mobile digital technology. Ferrite content measurement is used to measure the ferrite value in stainless steel welds and duplex steel.

The measurement of ferrite content provides critical data to prevent any future failure or damage of the steel. Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance depend on the ferrite content in the steel especially at high temperatures. This ferritescope test is useful for industries such as oil and gas, power and process engineering plants that are exposed to high temperature, aggressive media and high pressure. In stainless steel, if the ferrite content is too low, the weldment is susceptible to hot-cracking or solidification cracks and if the ferrite content is too high, the toughness and ductility and corrosion resistance of the steel are reduced.

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Holiday Testing

Holiday test or a Continuity test is one of the non destructive test method applied on protective coatings to detect unacceptable discontinuities such as pinholes and voids. The test involves checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows to complete the electrical circuit. 

Portable holiday detectors are designed for various pipeline, plant, and other surface applications where the inspection surface remains stationary and the detector is moved over the inspection surface. High voltage detectors are used for thicker surface coatings, such as those used on pipelines and other industrial applications. Low voltage, wet sponge detectors are used for thin film applications.

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